How to Choose Your Engineering College......?

EAMCET 2012: Selecting Best Engineering College and Branch

An individual who wants to reach a reputable position in his career has to choose right academics at right time. Everyone, whether it is an aspiring engineering student or just a college going candidate is having their own dreams to pursue a professional course in a prestigious engineering college with an expected branch. There are more than 700 engineering colleges and 30 plus engineering branches in Andhra Pradesh. Before joining in a particular college or selecting a prepared branch students and parents should concentrate on the following points.

1. The most important point is to check whether the college was approved by AICTE and accredited by NBA of AICTE. AICTE continuously strives to maintain the quality technical education in the country. NBA of AICTE aims to maintain level of some of the programs offered in technical institutions on par with program offered in institutions across USA and Europe. 

2. Experienced faculty: This is another most important sole criteria to choose an engineering college. The faculty members must be well qualified and experienced with good domain knowledge and teaching experience and should be helpful to the students whenever they approach them.

3. Laboratory facilities: All the labs in the college should be well equipped with good conditioned equipment as per the university curriculum and for research purpose.

4. College infrastructure: A college with good buildings with well furnished and fully ventilated class rooms, clean and green and calm environment, spacious laboratories, library and good sports complex etc. which helps the student to improve dedication and concentration on studies are also important criterian. 

5. Library facilities: Library is the main source to improve the knowledge of the students at the engineering level. Candidates have to learn a lot on their own. This will be possible if the library contains sufficient number of text books, reference books, journals and magazines.

6. College location : The engineering students have to face exams of various types frequently. Apart from College time, the student has to select free time in a day to complete other academic works. He should spend at least seven to eight hours in a day on writing the notes, record work and reading the books. The day scholars in the cities such as Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam loose several hours in journey. It is advisable to stay very near to the College to save valuable time. It is always better to stay in the hostel if it is located in the college premises.

7. Placements: After four years of hard work in an engineering course, ultimately many of the students expect jobs in good companies or prepare to go for higher education. Previous placement records and the interest of college managements in improving the are important factors.

8. Training Programmes: Colleges which are taking measures to improve communications skills of the students are better choice. 

9. Personal computers and internet facility : In the present scenario every one should have exposure to PC and internet, irrespective of the branch. Lot of information is available in the internet to get good knowledge about your subject. Colleges has to provide PC and internet facility to all students whenever they like to get the information. 

10. Hostel facility: Good facilities like spacious comfortable hostel rooms, healthy and hygienic food, medical facilities, creating study environment etc. and security is most important for girl students.

11. Industry – college interaction: Colleges arranging training programmes in good relevant industries to get hands on experience is another important factor. This will give an edge over other students. Arranging industrial tours for final and pre final students will be an added advantage.

12. Reputation and Experience of college: A track record of the college management gives good image to the student as well. 

13. Environment: The friendly atmosphere among students and measures to maintain discipline by college management will give positive results in academics. College should encourage competitive spirit among students to attempt exams like GATE, GRE, CAT, IES, Public Sectors Exams etc. 

14. Ragging: Proper measures should to taken by the college to curb the ragging incidents. 

15. Curricular and Co – Curricular activities : Priority should be given to sports and entertainment by forming the clubs to conduct different activities. Students should be motivated to participate in various extra curricular activities.

source:: http://www.apcollegeadmissions.com/2011/12/eamcet-2012-selecting-best-engineering.html#ixzz1i2Ha1Jgj

APPSC AEE Recruitment 2012- Apply Online, Exam Date & Details

APPSC AEE Recruitment 2012- Apply Online, Exam Date & Details

APPSC Invites Applications For Various Branches Of Engineering. Recruitment Will For Various Posts Assistant Executive Engineers (Civil) in I & CAD Engineering Service,Assistant Executive Engineers (Mechanical) in I & CAD Engineering Service, Assistant Executive Engineers (Civil) in R & B Engineering Service, Assistant Executive Engineers (Electrical) in R & B Engineering Service, Assistant Executive Engineers in Panchayat Raj in Civil / Mechanical Branches Engineering Service, Assistant Executive Engineers in Tribal Welfare Engineering Service in Civil / Mechanical Engineering Branch. Exam Details Are Here:

Total Posts: 1716 Posts Of Assistant Executive Engineer

Pay Scale / Salary: Rs.16150 To Rs.42590/-

Procedure Of Selection: The Final Selection Of These Posts Will Be Based On Written Examination.

How To Apply: Candidates Can Apply Online Through Official Website Of Appsc From 24/04/2012 To 23/05/2012. Candidates Can Apply Online Through www.apspsc.gov.in When Online Application Form Will Available.

Check Detailed Notification And Syllabus: Syllabus & More Info

http://website.apspsc.gov.in/Documents/NOTIFICATIONS/134.pdf

Tags: appsc assistant executive engineer recruitment exam 2012 exam date details call letter admit card, syllabus    

Central University of Hyderabad - Chemistry - M.Sc, Ph.D. Admissions

Central University of Hyderabad - Chemistry - M.Sc, Ph.D. Admissions

School of Chemistry of University of Hyderabad (HCU) emphasis on the research in Chemical Sciences. The University focuses on all branches of chemistry and offer courses with interdisciplinary nature of
the subject. There are number of projects in the school funded by Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). THe school details can also be obtained from http://202.41.85.161/ or www.chemistry.uohyd.ernet.in . M.Sc., M.Sc. Integrated Courses in Chemical Sciences and Ph.D. Programmes are offered in the Chemistry discipline. Following are details of these courses, entrance exams, mode papers and application procedure:

1) M.Sc.: This is a 2 year M.Sc. programme which emphasis on Organic, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Duration of the programme is four semesters. The main courses in the the programme includes Organic, Inorganic, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry along with 2 laboratory courses each in Organic, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and elective courses.

2) M.Sc. Integrated Chemical Sciences: The School of Chemistry is actively involved in the five year Integrated M.Sc. programme offered by the Center for Integrated Studies.

3) Ph.D.: The premier research programme is entirely research-oriented. Candidates have to choose a research supervisor from the Faculty of the School in an area chosen by the student. Candidates who have qualified in NET of the CSIR or UGC with a JRF qualification may apply for admission at any time of the year. Candidates will be selected based on interviews to be conducted during October, January and April of every year in addition to the regular July session.

Entrance Exams: Candidates admitted in M.Sc. and Ph.D. courses will be given scholarships by the University. The admission to M.Sc. is based on the merit in the written test. The written test consist of objective type multiple choice questions. Questions will be asked from B.Sc syllabus of Chemistry and basic mathematics. The chemistry question paper consists of two parts. Part I carries 25 marks and Part II carries 75 marks. There will be negative marks for wrong answers. The admission to Ph.D. programme is confined to the CSIR - UGC NET qualified candidates for JRF during the admission year 2011-12. Those shortlisted from JRF qualied candidates will be required to appear for an interview. More details can be obtained from www.uohyd.info .

source: http://www.apcollegeadmissions.com/2011/12/central-university-of-hyderabad.html#ixzz1hwnMr1Tj

HCU Biochemistry M.Sc. and Ph.D. Admissions

HCU Biochemistry M.Sc. and Ph.D. Admissions

Department of Biochemistry of Hyderabad Central University (HCU) is offering a 2-year (4 Semester) M.Sc in Biochemistry and also a Ph.D programme in Biochemistry. The department is also conducting 5 year Integrated programme in Systems Biology. The programmes highly qualitative and taught by qualified and reputed faculty. Following are details of programmes, eligibility, entrance exam and application procedure:

1) M.Sc.: The University of Hyderabad is offering M.Sc. Biochemistry for those students with a B.Sc qualification with a minimum of 60 percent marks in the aggregate. They should have studied Chemistry
or Biochemistry as one of the subjects at the Graduation level. Admission to M.Sc. Course is based on a written test which contains 100 objective type multiple choice questions of B.Sc. standard. The questions will be asked from Biochemistry, Chemistry along with other areas of Biology including Biophysics.

2) Ph.D Biochemistry. The university offer Ph.D. in all major areas of Biochemistry. The admission to Ph.D programme is based on the performance in an interview for those qualified in Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) at the National Level conducted by the CSIR, ICMR, UGC etc. Major areas of research available are Gene Expression, Cellular Signalling, DNA-repair, Survival and Death; Telomere Biology, Molecular
Biophysics, Immunology, Protein Biochemistry, Bioenergetics, Molecular Genetics, Molecular Virology, and Modelling.

Candidates have to apply in response to the admission notification issued every year during March - April. Admission to Ph.D. will be a round the year activity for the department. Candidates should have UGC -CSIR NET for JRF. They will be short listed and called for interviews. The Biochemistry department of the University has various projects from DBT, Department of Science and Technology etc and has highly experienced faculty. More details can be obtained from www.uohyd.info .

source: http://www.apcollegeadmissions.com/2011/12/hcu-biochemistry-msc-and-phd-admissions.html#ixzz1hwn32ERc

What is Cloud Storage?

What is Cloud Storage?

The IT industry (manufacturers) sometimes gets ahead of itself. Time
and again it's guilty of introducing a technology, generating an
enormous amount of discussion, and then moving on before the actual
implementors, (IT professionals) get a chance to really understand it.
Cloud storage is one of these cases, where many IT professionals are
still asking "what is cloud storage and how should I use it?".

Cloud storage means different things to different people depending on
how it's implemented. The most common implementation is a 'public
cloud', which is essentially storage capacity accessed through the
internet or a wide area network (WAN) connection, and purchased on an
as-needed basis. Users can expand capacity almost without limit, by
contacting the provider, which typically operates a highly scalable
storage infrastructure, sometimes in physically dispersed locations.

Wednesday, November 18, 2009

This expansion ability drives a common expectation that cloud
providers have massive storage infrastructures. As a result most cloud
storage hardware and software systems developers have also focused on
scalability and ease of management. A grid architecture is common,
with storage being made up of clusters of individual servers or nodes
that are coupled together to present a single storage area or single
management point.

This clustering can take two forms, either tightly coupled or loosely
coupled. In tightly coupled clusters, identical, or very similar nodes
are combined to form a single storage pool or file system with
centralized execution of storage functions. Loosely coupled clusters,
on the other hand, can be largely dissimilar nodes coupled together by
a global file system with storage functions being individually
executed across the nodes. Each has their pros and cons and will be
detailed in an upcoming Storage Switzerland article.

The interface to the cloud storage is what the storage manager or the
user will see. This is typically some sort of appliance or software
application that runs locally and then sends data to the cloud. It can
be as simple as presenting a file interface to the cloud storage area,
meaning that it looks like a network mounted drive or it could be
integrated into a backup or archive application.

Cloud storage is a new distribution model, however, with the potential
for economies of scale. Aside from cost, its benefits are outsourced
operation, simple, unlimited growth and 'enterprise' features for
smaller users - like high availability, security, data protection,
etc.

Finally, there is a lot of discussion about the second implementation,
internal or 'private clouds'. This essentially is taking the
capabilities of a public storage cloud, like scalability and cost
effectiveness, and bringing them to the large data center. The use
case could be to create a cloud storage-like service for the
organization that can be accessed from anywhere or it could be as
simple as leveraging a cloud storage solution to build a highly
scalable, easy-to-use NAS.

With the infrastructure in place the next logical question is "what
are the best uses for this storage platform - archive, backup,
collaboration?". This is something that we'll examine in the next
article.

Cloud storage

Cloud storage is a model of networked online storage where data is stored on virtualized pools of storage which are generally hosted by third parties. Hosting companies operate large data centers; and people who require their data to be hosted buy or lease storage capacity from them and use it for their storage needs. The data center operators, in the background, virtualize the resources according to the requirements of the customer and expose them as storage pools, which the customers can themselves use to store files or data objects. Physically, the resource may span across multiple servers.

Cloud storage services may be accessed through a web service application programming interface (API), or through a Web-based user interface.

source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage

Data Integrity

Data Integrity in its broadest meaning refers to the trustworthiness of system resources over their entire life cycle. In more analytic terms, it is "the representational faithfulness of information to the true state of the object that the information represents, where representational faithfulness is composed of four essential qualities or core attributes: completeness, currency/timeliness, accuracy/correctness and validity/authorization.The concept of business rules is already widely used nowadays and is subdivided into six categories which include data rules. Data is further subdivided Data Integrity Rules, data sourcing rules, data extraction rules, data transformation rules and data deployment rules.

Data Integrity is very important in database operations in particular and Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence in general. Because Data Integrity ensured that data is of high quality, correct, consistent and accessible, in is important to follow rules governing Data Integrity.

A Data Value Rule or Conditional Data Value Rule specifies data domains. The difference between the two is that the former specifies the domain of allowable values for a data attribute which applies to all situation while the latter does not apply to all situations but only when there exceptions or certain conditions that applies.

Data Structure Rule defines that cardinality of data for a data relation in cases where there are no conditions of exceptions which apply. This rule makes data structure very easy to understand. A conditional data structure rule is slightly different in that is governs when conditions or exceptions apply on data cardinality for a data relation.

A Data Derivation Rule specifies the how a data value is derived based on algorithm, contributors and conditions. It also specifies the conditions on how the data value could be re-derived.

A Data Retention Rule specifies the length of time of data values which can be retained in a particular database. It is specifies what can be done with data values when its use for a database expires A data occurrence retention rule specifies the length of time the data occurrence is retained and what can be done with data when it is no longer useful. A data attribute retention rule is similar to a data retention rule but the data attribute retention rule only applies to specific data values rather than the entire data occurrence.

These Data Integrity Rules, like any other rules, are totally without meaning when they are not implemented and enforced.

In order to achieve Data Integrity, these rules should be consistently and routinely applied to all data which are entering the Data Warehouse or any Data Resource for that matter. There should be no waivers or exceptions for the enforcement of these rules because any slight relaxation of enforcement could mean a tremendous error result.

As much as possible, these Data Integrity Rules must be implemented in as close to the initial capture of data so that early detection and correction of potential breach of integrity can be taken action. This can greatly prevent errors and inconsistencies from entering the database.

With strict implementation and enforcement of these Data Integrity Rules, data error rates could be much lower so less time is spent on trying to troubleshoot and trace faulty computing results. This translates to savings from manpower expense.

Since there is low error rate, there can only be high quality data that can be had to provide better support in the statistical analysis, trend and pattern spotting, and decision making tasks of a company. In today's digital age, information one major key to success and having the right information means having better edge over the competitors.

source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity

JNTU CONVOCATION CERTIFICATE APPLY ONLINE.............

JNTU CONVOCATION CERTIFICATE APPLY ONLINE : JNTU HYDERABAD CONVOCATION ONLINE PAYMENT SERVICE....

Apply for Convocation only after u receive the CMM & PC. I would suggest u to complete the entire process at a time.

Info on issue of CMM, PC & OD for 2011 Pass outs.

The Students who secured 224 credits (Cleared all the subjects from 1 to 4 years) can collect the CMM,PC & 4-2 memo's from the respective colleges from Today i.e., 16th June-2011.

Few colleges already received the CMM,PC from JNTU-HYD & few other colleges did not receive them yet, just conform it from your respective colleges.

The students who secured 216 credits (Exception of 1 or 2 subjects) & applied for the undertaking form need to wait for few more days untill JNTU-HYD dispatches the CMM,PC to the respective colleges.

The students who secured 224 credits & who are having 0.15% less for distinction or 1st class or 2nd class can apply for the change in the grade/class in the respective colleges by submitting your required certificates (you can find it in your respective college exam branch).

For the official notification on 0.15% rule check the below link.

Do the below entire process only after u receive the CMM & PC. I would suggest u to complete the entire process at a time.

The registration procedure for obtaining the original degree certificates from JNTU Hyderabad has been changed from this Convocation (II Convocation) onwards. The candidates have to furnish their particulars including Provisional Certificate (PC) number and the address for correspondence in online mode.

The application fee of Rs. 3500/- (Three Thousand Rupees only) can be paid either by making online Payment (using Master/Visa Credit/ATM cards) or by making the payments at any branch of SBH using the on-line Challan generated by this registration application software. In case the candidate opts for the online challan payment mode and if the payment is not made by the candidate against this challan at any of the SBH bank branches, the registration shall be null and void.

For carrying out the registrations using this application software, the candidates are informed to create their account by furnishing their personal profile. Further the candidates are informed to remember their passwords for any future correspondence or updates. The User name shall be the hall-ticket number of the candidate during the study of the course for which he/she is seeking the Original Degree certificate.

You can find the complete process step wise in the below link , Just click on the link & download the file

Convocation Link

Code:

http://122.252.228.146/convocation/

OR

http://epayments.jntuh.ac.in/

STEP 1 : CLICK ON REGISTER (selecting student option)

STEP 2 : COMPLETE ALL THE DETAILS

College code will be on Provisional certificate. It is a  two digit code.(ex M2 or L1 etc..)

STEP 3 : THEN LOGIN WITH YOUR USERNAME and PASSWORD (then you will see the below page)

STEP 4 : THEN CLICK ON APPROPRIATE OPTION. (original degree)

Click the image to see enlarged image

CHECK APPROPRIATE OPTION and CLICK NEXT

STEP 5 : FILL THE BELOW FORM CAREFULLY.

REFERENCE FOR PC NUMBER

source:http://uhave2knowworld.blogspot.com/2011/11/jntu-convocation-certificate-apply.html

Notification for 411 Assistant Engineer Vacancies in APGENCO

Notification for 411 Assistant Engineer  Vacancies in APGENCO

Notification No.5/CGM(Adm.)/2011.Trainee Assistant Engineer(for Engineering Graduates in 
Electrical, Mechanical, Electronics & Civil)

NOTIFICATION

APGENCO is the largest Power Generating Company of Andhra Pradesh State and is the

3rd largest Power utility (8923.9 MW) in India and has second highest Hydel capacity in the

Country want to be the best power utility in the Country and one of the best in the World

offers excellent opportunities to Professionals.

Notification No.5/CGM(Adm.)/2011

Position:

Trainee Assistant Engineer

(for Engineering Graduates in

Electrical, Mechanical, Electronics & Civil)

No. of Vacancies

411

(LR- 61 + GR- 350 )

LR: Limited Recruitment GR: General Recruitment

Date of Written Test : 22.01.2012

How to apply : The candidate has to login to the website

http://www.apgenco.gov.in 

and click on APPLY

ONLINE link or directly visit http://apgenco.cgg.gov

in

to view detailed notification, user guide and to submit

application form. Online application is accessible

from 20.12.2011 to 03.01.2012.

source:http://www.apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=viewcontents&filename=HomePgCategory.xml&Tagname=HP_Cat524&subhname=CareerOpportunities

>> Click here for detailed Notification <<

http://www.apgenco.gov.in/administrator/uploadedfiles/AE16122011.pdf

ICSI Company Secretary Exam (December 2011) Admit Card Download

ICSI Company Secretary Exam (December 2011) Admit Card Download

This Exam Will Held For CS Foundation, CS Executive & CS Professional. Due To Heavy Load On The Servers ICSI Provides 3 Servers To Download The Admit Card. ICSI Issued Admit Cards Of December 2011 Session Examination. ICSI Provides Company Secretaryship Course In Law, Management, Accounting and Finance Disciplines. Candidates must Have Their 17 Digit Registration Number To Download The Admit Card Of December 2011 Exam.

ICSI Company Sectary Exam 2011 Admit Cards:

 Download Admit Card

http://www.icsi.edu/AdmitCardDec2011.

 Click here to download E-Admit card - Server 1

 Click here to download E-Admit card - Server 2

Click here to download E-Admit card - Server 3

Caltech sets 186Gbps internet speed record...!

A delicious combination of high-energy physicists, engineers, and
computer scientists from Caltech and the University of Victoria have
broken the world record for sustained, computer-to-computer transfer
over a network. Between the SuperComputing 2011 (SC11) convention in
Seattle and the University of Victoria Computer Centre, Canada — a
distance of 134 miles (217km) — a transfer rate of 186 gigabits per
second was achieved over a 100Gbps bidirectional fiber optic link;
98Gbps in one direction, 88Gbps in the other.

At first blush, when you remember that scientists have transferred
terabits per second over fiber optics, you might question the veracity
of this world record. In those cases, though, the transfers were done
over private networks under laboratory/testbed conditions — Caltech
and the University of Victoria set their virtual land speed record
over a standard, commercially-available 100Gbps link. Furthermore, the
scientists didn't simply shoot data down the pipe and into the digital
ether, which is relatively easy — there were computers on either end
of the link!

source:http://www.extremetech.com/computing/108731-caltech-sets-186gbps-internet-speed-record

New Concept Bridge in Wuxi Xidong Park at China

New Concept Bridge in Wuxi Xidong Park at China

L and A Design Group has designed a new bridge design as an architectural highlight of Wuxi Xidong Park, in Jiangsu province, China. The bridge is planned to be the main connection between the north and south foreshores of the parks lake and allows visitors access to a small island with the views over the water as well as caféteria and gardens.

Refer the below link for more insight:
http://www.archdaily.com/189896/wuxi-xidong-park-bridge-la-design-group/

Download admit card for SNAP/SNAP 2011 Test Format

Download admit card for SNAP test by click on the following link....

http://oamssnap.blueshiftindia.com/admitcard2011/

http://snaptest.org/
exam is on  18-12-2011

SNAP 2011 is short for Symbiosis National Aptitude test. SNAP 2011 score is essential for admission into the postgraduate institutes of the Symbiosis International University. Short listed candidates will then have to clear the individual selection process of the Symbiosis Institute from where they desire to undertake their higher education. This test is held under the guidance of SIEC Deemed University.

SNAP 2011 Test Format

SNAP 2011 Test consists of 150 objective type questions. Every question lists 4 responses out of which you have to select the right answer. For every wrong answer, 25% marks will be deducted. The duration of SNAP 2011 entrance exam is 120 minutes.

SNAP 2011 admission test consists of 4 sections which are explained in the table given below-

Section	No of Questions	Total Marks
Analytical and Logical Reasoning	30	60
Quantitative, Data Interpretation and Data Sufficiency	40	40
General Awareness: General Knowledge, Current Affairs, Business Scenario	40	40
General English: Reading Comprehension, Verbal Reasoning, Verbal Ability	40	40
Total	150	180

Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk

Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk, 3rd Edition 

Author(s) : Brent Welch 
Publication date : Jan 2000 
ISBN : 0-13-022028-0 
Pages : 832 
Publisher : Prentice Hall PTR 

Book excerpts: 

Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk is meant as a practical guide to help the readers get the most out of Tcl and Tk and avoid some of the frustrations. It assumes that the readers have some programming experience, although they should be able to get by even if they are a complete novice. Knowledge of UNIX shell programming will help, but it is not required. 

This book is meant to be useful to the beginner in Tcl as well as the expert. For the beginner and expert alike, a careful study of Chapter 1, Tcl Fundamentals, is recommended. The programming model of Tcl is designed to be simple, but it is different from many programming languages. The model is based on string sub- stitutions, and it is important that you understand it properly to avoid trouble in complex cases. The remainder of the book consists of examples that demonstrate how to use Tcl and Tk productively. For your reference, each chapter has tables that summarize the Tcl commands and Tk widgets they describe. 

You are assumed to have some programming experience, although you should be able to get by even if you are a complete novice. Knowledge of UNIX shell programming will help, but it is not required. Where aspects of win-dow systems are relevant, some background information is provided. Chapter 2 describes the details of using Tcl and Tk on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh. 

 View/Download Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk
http://www.beedub.com/book/
source:http://www.freetechbooks.com/practical-programming-in-tcl-and-tk-3rd-edition-t22.html

Faculty jobs in NIT Jalandhar

Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar invites applications from qualified Indian Nationals for the faculty positions at the level of Professor, Associate Professors and Assistant professors in the various departments of the Institute :

• Professor : 14 posts, Pay Scale  : Rs.37400-67000 AGP Rs.10000
• Associate Professor : 34 posts, Pay Scale  : Rs.37400-67000 AGP Rs.9000
• Assistant Professor : 55 posts, Pay Scale : Rs.15600-39100 AGP Rs.6000/-
• Assistant Professor on contract basis for 3 years in the pay scale of Rs.15600-39100 AGP Rs.6000/- 

How to Apply : Application forms in the prescribed format complete in all respects along with photocopies of certificates, list of publications, reprints of publications and a detailed research plan should reach to The Registrar, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144011, Punjab, India on or before 15/12/2011.

For more detailed information and application format, please visit http://www.nitj.ac.in/index.php/faculty

Expressions, Operators and Operands in Verilog HDL

Verilog HDL: Expressions, Operators and Operands

Dataflow modeling in Verilog describes the design in terms of expressions, instead of primitive gates. 'expressions,, 'operators' and 'operands' form the basis of Verilog dataflow modeling.

Arithmetic:

                            *       ---> Multiplication
                            /        ---> Division
                           +        ---> Addition
                           -         ---> Subtraction
                           %       ---> Modulo
                          **        ---> Power or exponent

Logical:

                           !         ---> logical negation (one operand)
                       &&       ---> logical AND
                           ||         ---> logical OR

Relational:

                          >        ---> greater than

                          <        ---> lesser than

                          >=      ---> gretaer than or equal to

                          <=      ---> less than or equal to

Equality:

                          ==      ---> equality
                          !=       ---> inequality
                       ===       ---> case equality
                        !==       ---> case inequality

Bitwise:

                          ~        ---> bitwise negation (one operand)
                         &        ---> bitwise AND
                          |          ---> bitwise OR
                         ^         ---> bitwise XOR
             ^~ or ~^         ---> bitwise XNOR

Reduction:

                         &          ---> reduction and (one operand) 
                       ~&          ---> reduction NAND
                          |            ---> reduction OR
                        ~|            ---> reduction NOR
                         ^           ---> reduction XOR
              ^~ or ~^          ---> reduction XNOR

Shift:

                       >>           ---> right shift
                      <<            ---> left shift
                    >>>            ---> arithmetic right shift
                    <<<            ---> arithmetic left shift

Concatenation:

                          { }        ---> any number operand 

Eg:

         A= 1'b1, B=2'b00, C =2'b10, D=3'b110
         Y={B,C}                                                 //result y is 4'b0010
         Y={A,B,C,D,3'b001}                            //y=11'b10010110001
         Y={A,B[0],C[1]}                                   //Y=3'b101


Replication:

                       {{ }}        ---> any number operand 

Eg :- 
           reg A;
           reg [1:0] B,C;
           reg [2:0] D;
          A=11b1; B=2'b00; C=2'b10; D=3'b110;

          Y={4{A}}                                              //result y is 4'b1111
          Y={4{A} , 2{B}}                                  //y=8'b11110000
          Y={4{A},2{B},C}                                //y=8'b1111000010


Conditional:

                          ?: (three operands)

Data Types in Verilog HDL

Verilog HDL: Data Types

Value Set: 
                           ---> Four values  to model the functionality

                           ---> Eight strengths of real hardware

 

    Value level--------- Condition in hardware circuits

 

            0 ------------- > Logic zero, false condition
            1 ------------- > Logic one, true condition
            X ------------ > Unknown logic value
            Z ------------- > High impedance ,floating state

 

Nets: 

 

• Represent connection between hardware elements ; is a datatype; not a keyword
• Nets are declared primarily with the keyword 'wire'
• Default value is 'z'
• Exception : 'trireg' net,which defaults to x

Eg: 

 

           wire a;
           wire b,c;
           wire d=1'b0     //Net d is fixed to logic value zero at declaration

 

Register:

 

• Represent data storage element
• Retain value until another value is placed onto them
• Keyword is 'reg'

 

Eg: 

 

            reg reset;          //declare a variable reset that can hold its value

 

Registers can also be declared as signed variables

 

Eg:

 

             reg signed[63:0] ; //64 bit signed value

 

 

Vectors:

 

Nets or reg (multiple bit widths) data types can be declared as vectors

Default is scalar (1-bit)

 

Eg : 

 

       wire a;                                         //scalar net variable;default

       wire [7:0] bus;                            //8 bit bus

       wire [31:0] bus A,bus B,bus C;  //3 buses of 32 bit width

       reg clock;                                    //scalar register; default

       reg [0:40] virtual_addr;              //vector register. Virtual address 41 bits wide

 

// 0:always MSB ; 40:always LSB

 

Vector Part Select:
It is possible to address bits or parts of vectors.

 

Eg: 

 

        busA[7]                   //bit 7 of vector bus A

        bus[2:0]                  //three LSBs of vector bus

        virtual_addr[0:1]    //two MSBs of vector virtual_addr

 

 Variable Vector Part Select:

 

 

Eg: 

 

       reg[255:0] data 1;         //Little endian notation

       byte = data1[31-:8];      //starting bit=31,width=8=>data[31:24]

       byte = data[24+:8];       //starting bit =24, width=8=>data[31:24]

 

Integer:

 

Default width is the host machine word size

 

Eg:    

 

         integer counter;                    //general purpose variable used as a counter

 

Real:

 

• Can be in decimal notation(eg: 3.14)
• Can be in scientific notation(eg: 3e6)
• No range declaration possible
• Default value is zero

 

Eg: 

 

          real delta;           //define a real variable

 

 

Time:

 

• A special time register data type is used in verilog to store simulation time
• Width is application specific ;but atleast 64 bits
• The system function '$time' is invoked to get the current simulation time
• The simulation time is measured in terms of simulation seconds

Eg : 

 

       time save_sim_time;                 //define a time variable save_sim_time

       initial save_sim_time= $time;  //save the current simulation time

 

 

Arrays:

 

• Allowed for reg, integer, time, real, realtime and vector
• Multidimensional arrays are also allowed
• Arrays are accessed by []

 

Eg: 

 

      integer count[0:7] ;         //an array of 8 count variables

      reg bool[31:0] ;              //array of 32 one-bit Boolean register variables

      time chk_point[1:100];   //array of 100 time checkpoint variables

      reg [4:0] port_id[0:7];    //array of 8 port_ids; each port_id is 5 bits wide

 

 

Memories:

 

• Memories are modeled as a one-dimensional array of registers
• Each word can be one or more bits

 

Eg : 

 

      reg memory_1_bit[0:1023];           //memory memory_1_bit with 1K 1-bit words

      reg[7:0] memory_byte[0:1023];    //memory memory_byte with 1K 8-bit words(bytes)

      memory_byte[511]                        //fetches 1 byte word whose address is 511

 

 

Parameters:

 

• Constant definitions

 

Eg: 

 

         parameter part_id =5;                        //defines a constant port_id

         parameter cache_line_width=256;    //constant defines width of cache line

         parameter signed [15:0] width;         //fixed sign and range for parameter width

MATLAB PROGRAM FOR Ramp Discrete GENERATION

PROGRAM

% ramp discrete
n=0:.1:10;
stem(n,n);                %discrete plote the value of n against n for getting ramp signal
title('ramp discrete');          
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

OUTPUT 

MATLAB program for Step Wave Continous generation

MATLAB program for Step Wave Continous generation

PROGRAM

% step continous
n=ones(1,20);         % creates an array of 20 elements with value 1;
x=0:1:19;               
plot(x,n);      %continous step wave
title('continous step');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

OUTPUT 

Ashwin becomes third Indian cricketer to achieve rare double after 49 years

Ashwin becomes third Indian cricketer to achieve rare double after 49 years

Off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin achieved a rare feat, becoming only the third Indian cricketer to score a century and take five wickets in an innings in a Test match. It's after 49 years that an Indian cricketer has achieved the feat in a Test match. Ravichandran Ashwin scored 103 runs and took 5 wickets against West Indies on the fourth day of the third and final cricket Test on Friday.

The other two were Vinoo Mankad and Polly Umrigar who achieved the commendable feat against England and West Indies respectively.

Previously Polly Umrigar scored 172 and took five wickets against West Indies at Port of Spain back in April, 1962, Vinoo while Mankad scored 184 runs and took five wickets against England at Lord's way back in 1952. Mankad also scored 72 in the first innings.

With this innings Ashwin has put a full stop to debate of Harbhajan Singh's reentry to team.

source:http://www.currentweek.net/2011/11/ashwin-becomes-third-indian-cricketer.html